Depression: a Brief Primer

Depression is a mood disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), depression is, "the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for ages 15-44." Even more astounding, 14.8 million adults suffer from one type, Major Depressive Disorder, in the U.S. (NIMH).

SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION

Symptoms of depression fall into 9 categories.

1. Sad, Depressed Mood

A person suffering from depression may speak of feeling sad or depressed practically every day. Some report many episodes of crying in a day or a week. Others claim to have no feelings at all.

2. Sleep Difficulties

Sleep difficulties run the gamut from difficulty getting to sleep, to staying asleep, to awakening early in the morning. A depressed individual may stay in bed all day or want to remain in bed.

3. Appetite Disturbances

A person experiencing depression may lose his appetite and possibly lose weight. A related symptom is increased appetite and/or weight gain.

4. Feelings of Guilt and Hopelessness

Self-loathing, feeling worthless, and feeling guilty are hallmarks of depression.

5. Loss of Interest in Formerly-Enjoyed Activities

Pursuits that used to be enjoyed are no longer of interest to the depressed person. Even the most favored pastimes lose their attractions.

6. Lack of Energy

Lethargy is another common sign of depression. One's energy level often decreases when depressed. No energy to bathe or keep up one's physical appearance are also signs of depression.

7. Changes in Ability to Concentrate

Having difficulties with focus and concentration can be another sign indicating depression. One common symptom for people who like to read is that they are simply unable to concentrate or focus on the pages.

8. Uncommon Levels of Activity

Known as " psychomotor agitation or retardation," a person's normal level of activity may change. Being unable to sit still when one is usually calm or feeling like one is "swimming through peanut butter" can be symptoms of depression.

9. Suicidal Thoughts and Ideas

Classic indicators of severe depression--suicidal thoughts--come in many forms. Perhaps an individual says she wishes she "wouldn't have awakened today" or doesn't "want to be here anymore." Others may entertain more specific ideas of self-harm.

TREATMENT FOR DEPRESSION

Treatments for depression typically include medical and psychological intervention. In serious cases, hospitalization may be required.

--Medical Intervention

The first line of treatment is to seek medical advice, perhaps from a primary care physician. Ideally, a psychiatrist will be consulted. A medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, a psychiatrist assesses the condition and prescribes the most effective pharmacological regimen.

Most skilled psychiatrists will also recommend psychological intervention, known as "counseling," "therapy," or "talk therapy." Although some psychiatrists perform such therapy, others refer to counseling professionals for necessary treatment.

--Psychological Intervention

Various treatment professionals provide psychological intervention for people suffering from depression. Psychologists, licensed counselors, therapists, mental health professionals, and social workers conduct talk therapy sessions, which can be beneficial for depressed patients.

The person who is depressed meets with the therapist to process what is happening to him/her. Encouraging the patient to talk about whatever he chooses during the therapy sessions usually leads to the troublesome topics. Thus, the topics will hopefully be explored resulting in resolutions.

--Hospitalization

Hospitalization is a treatment prerogative for those suffering severe depression. If depression escalates to homicidal or suicidal feelings, hospitalization is necessary. A seriously depressed person often discloses these thoughts and is relieved when others recommend a short hospital stay.

Hospitalization removes the person from stressors immediately. Such a facility allows medical/psychological staff to observe and treat the symptoms daily. The proper medications for specific symptoms are prescribed. Plus, therapy provided daily ideally expedites recovery. Symptomatology and progress can be closely monitored and adjustments in medicine and therapy made as needed.

Depression is a debilitating illness if left untreated. Effective medical and psychological treatment interventions are available. Given the appropriate treatment regimen, individuals with depression do recover. Taking an active role to obtain and participate in treatment are important facets of recovery. If you believe you or someone you care about is depressed, seek medical care right away.

References

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. (DSM-IV), 1994.

National Institute of Mental Health.