Five Countries of the Qing Dynasty

The Qing dynasty was the last ruling dynasty of China. Qing ruled China from 1644 to 1912. The Qing Dynasty was the second time when the whole of China was ruled by foreigners, the Manchu. As we know, Manchu people are a Tungusic people (Altaic) who originated in Manchuria (today's Northeastern China and Southeastern Russia). The Qing Empire was a vast area stretching from the Pacific coast of Siberia to the oases of Central Asia. Qing Empire consist of five countries with five language. They are Manchuria, China (Ming Dynasty), Tibet, Mongolia and Uyghuristan.

Manchuria is commonly referred to as Northeast China region. This region is the traditional homeland of the Xianbei, Khitan, and Jurchen (later Manchu). The Jurchen (also known as the Jin) were the semi-nomadic people who had taken over the north of China. The Jurchen dynasty declared in Manchuria in 1115. Their region include Manchuria, part of the Mongol region, Northern Song dynasty, and Beijing area. Jurchen/ Manchu language belong to the Altaic (Tungusic) language family.

The second country is China (Ming dynasty). Ming dynasty was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans. Ming dynasty ruled Chine from the Great Wall to the east of Tibet. The period of Ming dynasty is often regarded as a time of flowering for Chinese culture. Most of the Ming dynasty people were Han Chinese. They speak various forms of the Chinese language. Chinese language is one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages.

Tibet is a plateau region in Asia and the home to the Tibetan people. The Han Chinese and "proto-Tibeto-Burman" people may have split sometime before 4000 BC. That's why, the Tibetan language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan phylum. Tibet has their own kingdom. Tibet also has a long history of isolation, immense cultural, linguistic and religious differences with Han Chinese. During the 14th century, The Ming dynasty initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet, but did not garrison permanent troops there. Under the Qing dynasty, Tibet listed as vassal state.

Greater Mongolia, is the territories approximately includes the modern state of Mongolia, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China (PRC), and the Buryat Republic in Russia. Mongolia is home of the Mongols people. Like Manchus, Mongols belongs to Altaic family peoples. The Mongols were different from the Han Chinese not only in speech but also in dress and other habits. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Mongols has the greatest empire in the world. But, in the 17th and 18th centuries, Greater Mongolia became part of the Qing empire.

Uyghuristan is an area at Central Asia. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Mongolia to the northeast, and Kirghizstan and Tajikistan to the northwest and west. To the west and southwest lie Afghanistan and Pakistan, and to the south are Tibet and India. To the east lies China. Uyghuristan is home of the Uyghur peoples. Uyghur peoples was a group of Turkic-speaking tribes from Altaic peoples. They has an empire from 744 to 840 CE. 1000 years passed before the Qing dynasty, there was not a single important relation between China and Uyghuristan. From the 1760s on, the Qing Dynasty (under Qianlong Emperor)sent troops from northeast China to Xinjiang in order to strengthen the frontier defense of the region. Then, the Qing Empire was able for the first time to put Xinjiang under permanent Chinese control.

To rule its empire which consist of five countries with five language, the Manchus used Mandarin language as the official language. Mandarin is based on the Beijing dialect, the mixed Chinese language which strongly influenced by Altaic languages grammatically and phonetically.

sources :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty
http://stason.org/TULARC/travel/tibet/B6-What-was-Tibet-s-status-during-China-s-Qing-dynasty-164.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Mandarin