Learn Urban Cities in One Sitting
All You Need to Know About Urban Cities in One Document
CITIES AND URBAN REGIONS
• 55% of the population live in cities
• Most developed countries are the most urban and vice-versa, except Egypt and Syria
• Dramatic increases of urban population in oil countries except Oman, Saudi Arabia
o Aleppo
• Factors = natural increases and migration
o Birth rates are high, death rates high
o Population is increasing naturally
CURRENT URBAN PATTERNS
• Middle East/North Africa 50% urban
• 22 cities with >1 million residents
o Cairo >12 million
o Tehran=>10 million
o Istanbul =>7.3 million
o Baghdad> 5.3 million ?
City - municipality*
URBAN TRIANGLE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Predominantly Muslim cities
o Mixed Sunni and Shia
o Christians
o Jews
o Bahai's
o Druze - Lebanon, Syria
POLICTICAL MAP
• Istanbul
• Cairo - Nile, downtown, business district, built in the Nile Valley
• Tehran - 3rd largest city, surrounded by mountains
PRS: What is the most common language in the Middle East A: Arabic
CITIES AND URBAN REGIONS
• Merging of urban regions into a Middle Eastern Megalopolis
o Cairo-Giza-Aleppo
• Other emerging metropolis within the triangle
o Ankara
o Izmir
o Amman
• Urban systems dominated by primate capital city
o Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Unisted Arab Emirates, Armenia, Lebanon
• A dual primate system
o Syria (Damascus & Aleppo)
o Alexandria is big enough
• States with complex urban hierarchy
o Turkey, Iran, Morocco
PRS: What is the largest city in the Middle East
THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
o Shared holy places of Judaism, Christianity and Islam
o Conquest of the Middle East by Islam from 7th century until 10th AD
o Expansion across North Africa & Spain
o Expansion into Turkey and Caucasus
o Expansion into Persia and India
PROTOTYPICAL ISLAMIC CITY
o Old city or "medina":
o Compact & congested
o Around a citadel, "al-qalat" or "kasbah"
o Central Market = bazaar or "suq"
o Market divided by type of traders, often covered
o Live & work within earshot of a mosque
o Friday mosque near the mosque
o Smaller mosques in each neighborhood
INFLUENCE OF ISLAM
o Elements of the build environment:
o Mosques & Minarets
o Medrassas - Islamic school
o Islamic Universities
o Mosque was the center of community life
MOSQUE AS A CENTER OF CIVIC LIFE
o Mihrab - pointed in the direction of Mecca
o Minbar
o Prayer Hall
INFLUENCE OF TRADE
o Middle Eastern cities are centers of trade and commerce
o Expressed in the built environment:
o Souks (markets)
o Khans (Inn) and caravanserais
o Craft industries located by streets
INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON MIDDLE EASTERN CITIES
o Climate conditions
o Dry and seasonally dry
o Not enough fresh water
o Expressed in the built eniroment
o Wells & fountains
o Small, open courtyards
o High, thick walls
NARROW, WINDING STREETS
PROVISION OF WATER
o Private water sellers
o Public baths - hammam
o Donated fountains
o Sebil kuttab - donated by wealthy people
BAB AL FUTAH CAIRO
DEMASCUS GATE - Jerusalem
RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS
o Residential population concentrated in quarters or neighborhoods
o Neighborhoods based on ethnicity, religion, region or origin, or occupation
o Strong social cohesion
o Both rich and poor lived within each quarter
FOUR QUARTERS OF JERUSALEM
*Armenians are not a different religion they are Christians
MIDDLE EASTERN HOUSING DESIGN
o Assuring Privacy & shade
o Small, central courtyard with well or fountain
o Few external windows
o Wooden lattice freamework over windows (meshhribieh)
o L-shaped doorways
o Separate rooms for visitors apart from family areas
EVOLUTION OF THE ISLAMIC CITY
o Colonial era development of a new city outside walls
o Combination of traditional and modern urban form
o Modern, post-colonial enveloped the old city over time
o Urban expansion zone beyond the post-colonial city
MODERNIZATION OF CAITO
o 1863 Ismil Pasha
o Egyptian cottonbooms during US civil war
o 1866 Ismail meets Baron Haussman in Paris
o Ismail begins modernization campaign
FRENCH PLANNING INFLUENCE
European style city build west of medival city for districts of
o Al-azbakiyah
o Abdin
o Ismailiyahn
FORMAL GARDENS
CAIRO UNIVERSITY BUILT WITH CLASSICAL STYLE
20th CENTURY MIDDLE EASTERN CITIES
o Expansion during 20th century
o Modern cities built on oil revenues
o Conists of two parts:
o Small core, remains of an older urban area
o Post-industrial city with high rise office buildings, shopping malls, gardens, golf courses, etc.
PRS: Which of the following is NOT characteristic of traditional Middle City form A:
Middle Eastern City Form: Narrow winding
WEST AFRICA
§ This week focus on West-Africa
§ Total population - 645 million
§ Percent urban - 35%
§ Most urban country - Gabon
§ Least Urban country Rawanda
§ Number of cities > 1 million
o 25
§ Largest Cities
o Lagos, Kinshasa
TRADITIONAL URBAN CENTERS
§ Civilizations and cities that have disappeared
o Ethiopia (200 BC -700 AD)
§ Axum ( Queen of Sheeba)
o Zimbabwa
§ 4th - 19th century
• Great Zimbabwa
§ Mali (13-17th C
• Timbuktu
WEST AFRICAN URBANIZATION
§ Earliest cities founded after 100 BC
o Trading centers for trans-saharan caravan routes
o Key commodities:
§ Metal weapons
§ Bronze
§ Gold jewelry
§ Kola nuts - natural source of caffeine
WEST AFRICAN URBANIZATION
EARLY CITIES IN NIGERIA
§ Northern Nigeria - trading towns
o Kano
o Katsina
o Zaria
o Sokoto
EAST AFRICA URBANIZATION - Arabs were doing slave trade
§ Earliest cities founded by arab traders during 11th century AD
o (Dar Es Salaam = House of peace)
§ Malindi
§ Mombassa
§ Zanzaibar
o Cities were all port cities
o Key commodities
§ Slaves, gold, and silver
PRE-COLONIAL TRADE AND CITIES
ISLAM IN AFRICA TODAY - Northern Part of Africa from Nigeria - right.
MOSQUE IN DJENNE, MALI
§ Largest mud brick structure in the world
§ Built originally in 1220
§ Re-mudded every year
PRS: How did Islam Influence East African Urbanization
COLONIAL IMPACTS ON AFRICA
§ Africa seen as reserve of raw materials for European expansion
§ Colonial cities created as centers of extraction (human beings, gold)
§ Old name for Ghana was Gold Coast
§ Later cities became administrative and collecting points for resources
§ Each colony had its dominant city which was usually the port city and capital city
COLONIAL IN-ROADS
§ Railand from Dakar to Bamako - how British got in-land
MAP OF COLONIAL AFRICA 1912
RELIGIOUS MISSIONS IN AFRICA, 1913
RELIGION IN AFRICA
§ Muslims - mosques in many places
§ Christians - churches, basilica Yamasukro (largest in the world)
§ Animists - follow traditional religions
PRS: What percent of Africas major cities can be attributed to colonialism(Text)?
PREVALENCE OF DISEASES
§ Malaria - most serious parasitic infection
o Kills more people than any other disease affecting 250 million (middle of Africa)
§ Schistosomiasis - 8- - 200 million people (SE Africa, Large parts of West, Some S.)
§ Trypanosomiasis - sleeping sickness which usually affects large livestock
§ Onchocerciasis - river blindness spread by flies breed along river valleys
RAILROADS IN AFRICA - are all dead ends
§ Railroads used to extract raw materials
§ Terminus at the coast became a large often primate city
§ South Africa is an exception
LARGEST CITIES IN AFRICA
§ Lagos
§ Abidjan
PRS: WHY ARE SO MANY LARGE AFRICAN CITIES ON THE COAST?
INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE
§ Highly variable rainfall
§ Vegetation and agriculture also variable
POPULATION DENSITY
§ Rainfall influences population density
§ Drought prone areas can support many fewer rural residents
§ Diseases limit productivity
§ Slave raids de-populated the next region in from the coast area
PERCENT URBAN AFRICA
PRS: How has the environment shaped cities and population in Africa? Prevalence of diseases have reduced the size of both rural and urban population
NIGERIA AFRICAN GIANT
§ 25 cities >100,000
o Lagos 5,195,247 (largest)
o Kano 2166554
o Ibadan 1835300
COTE D'LVORE
§ 5 cities >100,000
o Abidijan - 2,672,114 (Functional capitol - Almost all gov. functions are here)
o Bouake
o Daloa
o Yamoussoukro (cap.)
o Korhogo
(northern - christian, southern - mus.)
SENEGAL
§ 9 cities> 100,000
o Dakar 2,243,400 (western most tip)
o This 263,500
o Kaolack 186000
Primate cities more then 100,000
MALI
§ 2 cities >100,000
o Bamako 1 mill
o Sikasso
AMADOU AND MIRIAN
§ Musicians from Bamako
o Song about man in Senegal
FOCUS ON GHANA
§ 7 cities> 100,000
o Accra
o Kumasi
o Sekondi
o Tamale
MAP SHOWING THE STRUCTURE OF CENTRAL ACCRA
AN ACCRA STREET IN 1910, 1930, today.
ACCRA GROWING "out of bounds"
ARCHITECTURE & HOUSING : UPPER CLASS RESIDENTIAL AREA
:APT BUILDINGS
:SLUMS/SHANTY TOWNS
WASTE MANAGEMENT: ACCRA'S NUMBER ONE PROBLEM
URBAN PUBLIC TRANPORT: MAINLY PRIVATE & MIXED
ACCRA STREETS: CONGESTION/TRFFIC JAM
:STREET HAWKING/MARKETS
CULTURE: THE CHIEFTAINCY INSTITUTION
§ Ashanti chief
§ Ewe chief
POLITICS:COLONIAL LEGACY (forts & castles)
§ Gun forts are facing in-land
CULTURE:CHURCH
POLITICS:KWAME NKRUMAH, FOUNDING FATHER OF MODERN GHANA
§ Ghana was the first to get its independence
JJ RAWLINGS: HE MADE HIS OWN HISTORY
§ Staged 3 coups, 2 successful
§ Youngest head of state in Ghana at the age of 32
§ Man of the people- ghana's least educated head of state (didn't finish HS)
§ Only military ruler to become civilian president
§ Ghanas longest serving head of state - 19 years
§ 2nd head of state to hand over power
§ Currently ghanas only living head of state
JA KUFFUOR is the current president of Ghana
TEN LARGEST CITIES IN CHINA
1.
EAST ASIA MAP
CHINA
- Most populous country in the world
o 1,300,000 (1/5 of worlds total)
o 3rd largest in area
o 3rd largest in plant diversity
o Economy growing faster than any other major
PRS: Is Shanghai a primate city?
- Highest production rate of:
o Steel cement- buildings
o Aqua-cultured food
o TV - sophisticated production
o Coal- raw for power also
o Fertilizer
o Tobacco
- Total human impact is increasing:
- More people living along
o Decline of multi-generational households
o More divorce
o Over last 15 years, households growing at twice the rate of population (households are splitting; couples split, children leave)
- Rapid Urbanization
o From 1953 - 2001, population doubled but urban population increased 7 times
o Government efforts to move people westward
o Trend towards urban sprawl in china
- Rapidly expanding small-scale rural economy
o Township and village enterprises
o TVES account for 1/3 of China's production and ½ of its exports BUT
o TVEs contribute disproportionately to pollution
PRS: Which of these is NOT a reason why the total human impact in China is increasing
- Between 1980 and 2001, number of cars increased 130 times
- Car production now one of China's main industries
• All of this production is based on outdated or inefficient technology
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
- Soil problems are reducing China's area of cropland
- Grasslands destruction resulting in dust storms in the north very little recycling
- China buys other countries garbage
- Air pollution in cities much worse than in L.A.
- According to WHO, of 10 most polluted cities in the world, 7 are in china
- Water table is dropping due to droughts (dig deeper aquifer)
- Glaciers in Tibet are shrinking
- Deserts expanding (particularly in western & northern)
- All of this linked to GLOBAL WARMING (production or carbon, burning dirty coal)
- * China has really bad smog, major volume of haze too
Why is the air so bad?
o Coal-fired power stations with poor technology
o People used coal at home for heating
o Sulfur-dioxide and soot result in acid rain
o Acid rain falls 30% of china
o Coal is poor quality (doesn't burn properly; cheap way to produce power)
Recent Trends (tough to regulate over night)
- Chinese government is beginning to realize conflict between economic growth and pollution
o More workers sick
o International pressure
o Tourism
- Less sulphur dioxide (coal)
- More nitrogen dioxide (cars
- 7th pilar of industry (car industry)
- Coal use has declined since 1990s
- Government has taken a tougher stance
- Shift to natural gas
The Summer Palace
- Summer palace or YIHERYUAN "the garden of Nurtured Harmony"
- Both garden with manmade lake and a palace
- 1998 UNESCO world heritage site
Tian'Anmen Square
- Largest open square in the world #1 (just outside the forbidden city (imperial palace); two large buildings surround it)
- 880 meters by 500 meters
- Site of important public events
o Proclamation of Peoples republic 1949
o Tiananmen square massacre 1989
The Forbidden City
- Largest palace complex in the world city
- Palace has 999 rooms and covers 720,000 square meters
- Locus of imperial rule for 500 years
The Great Wall
- World's largest man-made structure, stretching over formidable 3,948 miles
- Defensive purpose separating China from Mongolia
The Gorges Dam
- World's biggest dam in the world
- Biggest power plant
- Biggest consumer of dirt, stone, concrete and steel
- Officially tally of 1.13 million displaced people = number 10
- Prime minister Wen noted that dam building, over many years, has displaced 23 million people in China
- Shanghai at the end of the river
Beijing Olympics - 2008
- To win the games, Beijing promised a "green Olympics"
- Concerns about air pollution especially for athletes
- Some improvements
o Factories shut down
o Number of cars in city temporarily reduced
- *smog is a really big problem in China
Transportation Systems
- Beijing wil buy 2,800 buses to expand city's reserve and replace outdated buses
- 19 night bus routes available during the Olympic Games, currently most bus routes
New Facilities
- 9.8 km underground path built to link the venues and ease ground traffic congestion
- 40,000 sq m two-story underground parking project is being built to contain some 1,000 cars
2008 Olympic Games
- Architectural centerpiece of the Beijing Olympic Games
- It looks like a bird nest
Aquatic venue
- Seating for 17,000 people
Relocation and Construction
- Relocation for Olympic construction
o 14901 inhabitants of 6037 had to move
PRS: Why are some Olympic athletes concerned about their performance at Beijing?
Movie: "Mysterious City of Ancient Alleyways - Beijing, China"
- Antiques sold; imperial capital era antiques from people living in alleys
- Antiques are sold from person to person
- Hutong = alleyways
- Beijing population is about seven million
- About more than 1,300 alleyways combined
- Imperial persuit: 1,000 year old tradition
- Gong Zhongen = King of the Crickets
- Cricket fights lead back to imperial times
- The Forbidden City now Palace Museum
- Beijing was the imperial capital; at the heart was the imperial thrown
- Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty (the final dynasty)
- Pigeon Whistle
- Hutongs are being demolished; and increased now because they were awarded the Olympics in 2008
- Theater built in 1712, nearly 300 years old
- 1966, the cultural revolution
o Rejection of traditional culture (like Chinese opera, newer one)
SOUTH ASIA REGION
- Former British colonial region
- (the sub continent): India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
- Plus Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan (not ex colonies)
COUNTRY PROFILE
- India has the largest Population
- Maldives smallest population
- Bangladesh largest below poverty line
- Sri Lanka lowest below poverty line
KEY URBAN FACTS (South Eastern Region)
- Percent urban = 28%
- Total urban population = 382 million
- Most Urbanized = Pakistan - 33percent
- Least Urbanized = Bhutan 7percent
- Five mega cities (>10 m)
- 45 large cities (> 1m)
POPULATION WISE LARGEST CITIES IN 2006
- Mumbai (India) , Delhi (India), Kolkata (India), Dhaka (Bangladesh)
LARGEST CITIES IN THE WORLD
PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE REGION
- India (As per world bank and 2001 census)
o Mumbai 16.4 million
o Kolkata 13.2
o Delhi* 12.8
o Chennai 7.5
- Banladesh
o Dhaka* 3.6 (city with the highest population growth in the world)
- Pakistan
o Lahore
o Karachi
o Islamabad*
OTHER CITIES IN SOUTH ASIA
- Sri Lanka
o Colombo* 0.6m
- Afghanistan
o Kabul* 2.7
- Nepal
o Kathmandu* 0.7
- Bhutan
o Capitol City
FAST FACTS ON INDIA
- 7th largest country by geographical area
- 2nd most populous country
- Most populous democracy in the world
URBANIZATION IN INDIA
- LESS THAN 1/3RD LIVE IN CITY, TOWN
- CITIES AND TOWN
o GENERATE 2/3RD OF COUNTRYS GDP
o ACCOUNT FOR 90% OF GOVERNMENT REVENUES
MORE FAST FACTS ON INDIA
- Most urbanized states
o Tamilnadu 44
o Maharashtra 42
o Gujrat 37
- 3 out of worlds 21 mega cities in millions
o Mumbai 19
o Delhi 15
o Kolkata 14
- Large Cities
o 23 in 1991, 40 in 2001
URBAN POULATION
- 25 percent of 850 million in 1992
- 28% of 1030 million in 2002
- Estimated urban population by 2017:500 million
- Percentage of urban poor residents: about 25%
- Slum population: about 41 million in 2011
- Estimated slum population by 2017
AT A GLANCE
- No of state 28
- Union terr 7
- No of lang. 22
- Official lang. eng. And hindi
- Religions
o Hindu 80.5
o Muslim
o Christian, Sikhs, budhist
URBAN HISTORY CITIES OF THE INDUS VALLEY
- BC 3000 - 1500
o Trade with Mesopotamia and Egyptian cities
- Collapse of civilization?
o Driven out by Aryan invaders
o Changes in rainfall patterns
o Earthquake
MAP OF INDUS VALLEY
- Indus River
- Harapa
- Mohenjo Daro
MOHENDARO
- Mud and baked brick buildings
- Elaborate baths and coered drainage systems
- Large state granary
- College of priests
- Palace
- Citadel
HARRAPPA
- Massive mud brick wall fortification
- Drainage system similar to Mohenjodaro
- Streets in grids
- Garbage collection system
ARYAN INVASION
- 1500 BC Aryan invaders crossed the Khyber pass on horseback
- Built cities on the Ganges plains
o Walled capital with 64 gates, 570 towers, and a moat
DRAVIDIANS (200BC)
- Cities in South India
o Temples and water tanks at the center
o Surrounding the temple were commercial bazaars
o The palace near the temple
o The residences of Brahmins
SRI MEENAKSHI TEMPLE
- Largest temple in India
MOGUL ISLAMIC EMPIRE (700AD)
- Muslim invaders displaced the Arayans
- Brought middle eastern and Islamic influence to the area
QUTUB MINAR (Picture)
- Built in 1193
- Brought middle eastern and Islamic influence to the area
- Tallest brick minaret in the world
- UNESCO world heritage site
- 237.8 feet
TOMB OF HUMAYUM 16th Century MUGHAL DESIGN
- Built in 1562
- First example of monumental mughal imperial architecture
- Persian architects
- Top of dome: 140 ft. from ground
- World heritage site
TAJ MAHAL AT AGRA
- 1630 to 1653
- Constructed by Shah Jahan in honor of his favorite wife, ,Arjumand Banu Bengum, who was known as Mumtaz Mahal
SHAHJANABAD
- 1648 Shah Jahan decided to establish a new capital for his Mogul empire
o Moved his capital from Agra to Shahjanabad which is now part of Delhi
o Architectural style was fusion of Muslim and Hindu style
o Massive fortresses, beautiful mosques
THE RED FORT IN SHAHJANABAD
- Built in 1638, the walls designed to keep out invaders, but today they mainly keep out the noise and confusion of the city
- The Lahore gate, is one of the emotional and symbolic focal points of the modern Indian nation and attracts a major crowd each Independence Day
JAMA MASJID AT SHAHJANABAD
- Built by Shah Jahan when he moved his capital from Agra in 1638
- Mosque
PROFILE OF DELHI
- Current capital of india
- Strategic location between fertile plains of the ganges and Indus rivers
- "he who controls Delhi controls India"
PRS: Why did Shah Jahan build his new capitol at Delhi? Because living in Agra reminded him of his wife
MAP OF DELHI
- Geometric forms
PLANNING OF NEW DELHI
- British planner, Edward Lutens used geometric forms in the plan: hexagons, circles, triangles, rectangles
- New area separated from old Delhi
- Neighborhoods separated class not caste
MAP OF DELHI TODAY
- Shahjanabad (Old Delhi)
COLONIAL DELHI MONUMENTS (Pictures)
- India gate
- Rajpath
SOUTH ASIAN MORPHOLOGY - BAZAAR TOWN MODEL
- Circular pre-industrial city form
- "Chowk" or crossroads at center
- Wealthy live at center over shops
- Bazaar with no walls, common roof
- Neighborhoods divided by ethnicity and caste
OLD DOWNTOWN MARKET (Pictures)
CONNAUGHT PLACE
DELHI METRO RAIL
- Good rail system
PRS: What is a Chowk
WESTERN EURPOEAN INFLUENCE
- 1498 AD Vasco de Gama opened new trade routes
- British East India co. granted a trading concession
- Portuguese settlements at Goa
SOUTH ASIAN MORPHOLOGY - COLONIAL CITY MODEL
- Presidency towns (All port cities)
o Bombay
o Calcutta
o Colombo
o Madras
COLONIAL CITY FORM
- Urban form elements
o Waterfront location
o Walled fort
o "maiden" (open space)
§ Parade ground and
§ Defensive perimeter
o Western style CBD
§ Banks, insurance, retail, gov., buildings, courts, customs, post office
COLONIAL CITY DEVELOPMENT
- European town grew away from native town
- Modern amenities not in native areas
- Open space/park divides the city used for parades and cricket
- Expansion to outer suburbs due to growth
- Low population density at center
HISTORY OF KOLKUTA (Calcutta)
- 1690 the East India Co. bought three villages: Kalikkata, Gobindaput, Sutanati
- 1756 the Newab of Bengal defeated the English
o Black Hole of Calcutta
- 1757, Colonial Robert Clive retook Calcutta
CALCUTTA, BRITISH CAPITA OF INDIA 1772- 1911
- 1772 Calcutta becomes the capital of British India
- 1800 center of cultural, political, and economic life
HOWRAH RAILROAD STATION (Pictures)
CALCUTTA, FINANCIAL CENTER(Pictures)
HOWRAH BRIDGE (Pictures)
VICTORIA MEMORIAL
- In the memory of Queen Victoria
- Sir. Williams
THE ESPLANADE
DAK SHIN HINDU TAMPLE
NAKHODA MOSQUE
ST. PAULS CATHEDRAL
KOLKATA - CULTURAL CAPITAL
- National library
- Indian museum
STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITISH RAJ
- Mahatma Gandhi
o Non-violent resistance
o 2nd October international day of non violence
o Dandi salt march 1930
o Quit India 1942
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMTN (Picture)
- Netaji Subhash Bose
o All India forward bloc
o Soviet union, Germany and Japan
o Azad Hind Fouz
INDEPENDENT INDIA
- Independence day 15th
- Aug. 1947
o Through partition
o New country: Pakistan
o Secession of Bangladesh
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
o First prime minister of independent India
RABINDRINATH TAGORE
- Famous poet and philosopher
- First Asian to win the Nobel Prize
MOTHER TERESA
- 1979 awarded the Nobel peace prize
AMARTYA SEN
- 1998 Amartya Sen, receives Nobel Prize in Econ.
- Contribution to welfare economics
RICKSHAW (Picture)
- Transportation mode
METRORAIL - KOLKATA
- Well connected, underground
BEGEL FESTIVAL (aka PUJA)
- Biggest Festival in Bengali
BOOK FAIR
SECOND HOOGHLY BRIDGE (Picture - cloverleaf)
MUMBAI
- In worlds top ten centers of commerce by global financial flow
- India's commerce and entertainment center
- India's
HOUSING PROBLEMS IN MUMBAI
- More than half of population live in slums
- Mainly slums situated near the employment centers in the heart of town
- Asia's second largest slum: Dharavi
o Population: more than 1 million
NARIMAN POINT (Picture)
BOLLYWOOD
- Hindi-language film industry
- One of the largest film producers in the world
*Delhi and Kulkata - only ones with Metro Train
BANGALORE
- Global city: silicon valley of india
- Designated as "best place to do business in the world" by CNN
- Fifth largest metropolitan area
- Population: 6.5
PRS: Which city is known as silicon valley of India? Bangalore
FILM: "The Power of Place"
- India's explosive population growth
- Capital: Delhi
- Rural to Urban Migration
- Population: 13 & 14 Million
- New Deli: built in British Colonial Era
- 1900s: started to Liberize its economy
URBANIZATION IN ASIA
- Southeast Asian Cities
CITIES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
A. Least urbanized world region
- 27% in urban areas
B. Urban growth rates - 4%
C. Overall rate of growth - 3%
MAP OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
A. Jakarta
B. Manila
C. Bangkok
D. Chi Minh City
E. Gaudi Lumpur
F. Singapore
COMPLEX URBAN SYSTEMS (series of cities)
A. Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam
B. Jakarta 13, 091, 022
- Surabaya 3828700
- Badung 3677900
- Medan 2972700
C. Manila 9932560
- Cebu 1198000
D. Ho Chi Minh 5728900
- Hanoi 2503000
DOMINANT LARGE CITIES
A. Bangkok, Thailand 8707900
- Nanthaburi 481,900
B. Yangon, Myanmar 4016000
- Mandalay 927,000
C. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3593100
- Ipoh 742400
CITY STATES
1. Singapore- Atypical city state
- Population = 4,154,500
2. Brunei- small oil producing state
- Population = 74,700
ILLUSTRATION OF PRIMACY
A. Bangkok 42 times as large as the next city (classic example of urban primacy )
B. Bangkok has 60%
URBAN PROBLEMS
A. Similar to other third world cities
a. Unemployment
b. Underemployment
c. Lack of housing - squatter settlements
d. Sprawling squatter and slum areas all around the city
e. Lack of infrastructure
f. Overcrowded transportation systems
g. Inadequate urban services and infrastructure (water, sewage, electricity, schools, health care systems)
URBAN HISTORY
A. Agricultural towns
a. Irrigated rice is source of surplus
b. Complex irrigation institutions to regulate conflict
B. Less land for agriculture on islands
C. Inland towns centers for agricultural trade
TRADING TOWNS
A. "spice islands" a destination for traders from many different nations
B. More coastline than any other major world region
C. Towns developed to control seat trade, not for agriculture
D. External influences
a. Sailors, merchants, and Hindu priests visited many island towns
b. Later influenced by Chinese and Arab visitors
STRAIGHTS OF MALACCA (Map - straights important)
A. Oldest and busiest shipping lanes in the world
B. Shortest East-West sea route (During WWII important to control)
C. Key for moving cargo and people between Indo-European region and the rest of Asia and Australia
a. 50,000 vessels per year
b. 25% of all oil shipments carried by sea coming through the straight
TYPES OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN CITIES 1st Type
A. Sacred or temple city
a. Inland location allowed denser population
b. Wealth from vast agricultural hinterland (from rice)
c. Monumental religious complexes at city center (standard)
d. When rulers influence declined so did the city
TEMPLE CITY OF ANGKOR
A. 9-15 century Khmer empire with capital at Angkor is still one of the most famous "Temple Cities"
B. UNESCO World Heritage Site (classic pre-industrial city)
TYPES OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN CITIES 2nd Type
A. Coastal market city
a. Smaller cities located on coast
b. Limited agricultural hinterlands (could not support large population)
c. Exposure to diverse traders makes highly differentiated (traded a lot)
PRS: why did early towns focus on trade instead of agriculture
COLONIAL ERA
A. 1509 Portuguese, followed by other Dutch and English
B. New European settlements
C. Focus on agricultural and natural resources
a. Tin, rubber, spices, lumber, sugar, copra (coconut husk - floatation devices).
URABAN EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM
1. Urban concentration in key nodes
a. Manila, Batavia(Dutch), Saigon, Rangoon (British)(Key European Coastal Cities)
b. City sites - access to shipping lanes for exports and imports with Europe (extractive colonialism)
c. Concentration of trade politics and social ties made these cities incredibly dominant
2. Transformation of smaller cities as extraction points
a. Mining towns
i. Ipoh, Malaysia
b. Administrative Centers
i. Medan, Sumatra (Indonesia)
ii. Georgetown, Malaysia
c. Resort center
iii. bandgun, java (Indonesia )
3. Development of transport to extract mineral and agricultural products
a. Railways in Malaysia
b. Road and rail in Indonesia
c. River transport in Burma
PRS: what were the negatives in urban colonialism?
PROFILE OF JAKARTA
A. 1619 Dutch city of Batavia
B. Used Ditch cities as a model
a. Canals (built lots of)
b. Narrow multi-storied residences
c. Not suited to tropical climate
d. Unhealthy place initially
C. 1948 granted independence
a. Jakarta over two million people and largest city in Asia
D. 2000
a. 13,091,022 (grown by a factor of 6, if it keeps growing it will be at 86,000,000)
MAP OF CENTRAL JAKARTA
A. Sunda Kelapa (slum/squatter)
B. High rises in Downtown Jakarta
C. Old city Hall (Jakarta History Museum - Dutch Style)
D. Old Batavia - between Sunda Kelapa and City Hall
MODERN JAKARTA
A. High rises
B. Istiqlal mosque (big downtown mosque type)
C. Squatter or Kampung (what they call it in Indonesia)
PROFILE OF MANILA CAPITAL OF THE PHILIPINES
A. 1571 Spanish built the city of Manila
B. Destroyed existing Muslim Village
C. Spanish center of trade with Mexico and also of Catholicism
OLD MANILA
A. Intra- Muros (Old Manila = means within the walls)
B. This part is usually Catholic
C. View from the Harbor (trade is important)
D. For Santiago
E. Church of St. Francis
US INFLUENCE
A. 1898 Spanish-American War (How US obtained Puerto Rico, Cuba and Philippines)
B. US protectorate after Spanish-American War
INDEPENDENCE
A. 1946 Philippine Independence
B. Manila Expanded rapidly
a. Inability to provide needed services
C. Large scale migration from outer islands
METROPOLITAN MANILA
A. 1975 four cities (manila, quezon city, pasay, qoloccan) and thirteen small municipalities merged into one metro area
B. Total population; 2000- 9,932,560
METRO MANILA (Map)
A. It expands southward, eastward and north
MAKATI
A. Example: Makati has most expensive housing, modern shopping centers and luxury housing
B. Outside Makati Squatter Settlements
a. Squatters near the harbor & un-used land
C. More Squatter Settlements
a. Smokey Mountain (Hill of garbage) Squatters - Garbage pickers; economy based on garbage
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM
A. Jeepneys - converted US army surplus jeeps to transport people and baggage
MANILA METRO (subway)
COSTS OF URBANIZATION
A. High cost of urbanization due to pollution:
a. Waterways
b. Air pollution (vehicular emissions and industrial wastes)
c. Inadequate waste management
d. Rivers and creeks biologically dead.
PRS: what is a Jeepney?
PROFILE OF SINGAPORE
A. 1819 British colony founded by Sir Stamford Raffles
B. Raffles Hotel where Singapore Sling invented
C. British colony until 1963
D. Strategic location - straits of Malacca
E. Largest port in Asia
F. Fourth largest port in the world (Picture)
PLURALISTIC CITY
A. Diverse ethic populations
a. Chinese 75%
b. Malay 15%
c. Indian and Pakistan 7%
d. Arabs
e. Bugis (from Sulawesi
f. Europeans
PLURALISTIC CITY - Singapore, city state
PRS: Who invented the Singapore Sling?
RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY
A. Buddhist (chinese)
B. Muslim (Malays)
C. Christian
D. Hindu
E. Sikh
F. Taoist
G. Confuciantist
TEMPLE OF ONE THOUSAND LIGHTS
BUDHIST TEMPLE IN SINGAPORE
CHIJMES HALL CHURCH
RELIGIOUS GROUPS MIXED WITH ETHNICITY IN SINGAPORE
OLD SINGAPORE
A. Older architecture
NEW SINGAPORE
A. High rises
B. Free ways
C. Over passes
D. Sophisticated electronics industry
MODERN METRO RAIL SYSTEM
PRS: why did Europeans want to control cities in this regionr
- They wanted to gain control of the key "spice routes"
MAP OF THAILAND
HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
A. Never a colony, though influenced by British and French
B. Later influenced by japs and Americans
C. Productive agricultural areas
URBAN HISTORY
A. In 1782 settlement on Chao Praya River
B. Walled palace for King Chulalongkorn (1868-1910)
C. Jakarta had canals BUT Bangkok has the fanning out of a delta (Rice Culture - comfortable channeling water built intricate network of canals)
D. King built network of canals (Khlongs)
E. Bangkok is known as the "Venice of the East"
BUDDHISM IN THAILAND
A. Dominant religion is Buddhism
B. Temple in cities and rural areas
C. Minks in saffron robes
MODERN BANGKOK
A. 20th century trade center for agriculture
B. Vietnam War - regional supply center for the US during WWII
C. Migration and growth
a. Seasonal migration after harvest
b. Circular migration - to Bangkok for several years, then return (moving from Rural areas - but with intention of returning)
BANGKOK (pictures)
A. City of contrasts
B. Modern city
C. Squatters Settlements
URBAN FORM IN BANGKOK
A. Oldest sector contains major temples, palaces and monuments
B. City has expanded outward in radial concentric patterns in unplanned fashion
C. Conurbation now includes five neighboring provinces
D. Satellite cities encouraged at the periphery to reduce congestion
BANGKOK METRO AREA (Above the bite of Bangkok)
URBAN PROBLEMS
A. Flooding,
B. Pollution from industrialization
C. Lack of basic infrastructure
a. Only 80 percent of solid waste is collected
b. Pervasive squatter settlements (throughout the metro-politan area)
D. Traffic Congestion
BANGKOK TRAFFIC - traffic is at a standstill almost all day. Traffic problems
A. Two wheeled motorcycle traffic
B. Rickashaw
PROFILE OF HANOI
A. Hanoi inhabited since 1000 BC
B. Known by many names
a. Long bien
b. Tong bien
c. Long do etc
d. Hanoi - around the end of the river*
C. 1873 Hanoi is occupied by the French and became the capital of French Indonesia
D. 1940 occupied by the japs
E. 1946- 47French and viet-minh fighters
F. Capital of independent north Vietnam
G. 1976 re-united with South Vietnam
PHOTOS
A. Presidential palace
B. View of the old city
C. Temple of literature
D. Modern skyscrapers
FILM "City Life - My Hanoi" film on Vietnam
- Childhood remembrance
- How some villages don't exist anymore
- Flower growing villages
- Literature and poetry carries their history
- Countryside people go to the cities for work
- Hanoi use to be quiet and slow they weren't ready for the up pace
- Has a lot of problems now from countryside and war
- Lacks greenery from sky scrapers, sidewalks, and city
- Old Hanoi was cooler
- Hanoi is compared to a man by the girl
PRS: What happened to the flower village in Hanoi?
Which best describes the film makers perceptions of the old city of Hanoi
10 April 2008
URBANIZATION IN EAST ASIA
Profile of Japan
CITIES IN JAPAN
- Highly developed country
- Sophisticated infrastructure
- Tokyo largest city in the world
URBANIZATION IN JAPAN
- Tokyo: largest metropolitan area
- City - administrative boundary
- Metro: all the area around the city
- 2000 largest populations
1. Tokyo
2. Yokomo 3.5 million
PRS: is Tokyo a primate city? YES
URABAN HISTORY: SHOGUNS AND CASTLE TOWNS
- Long standing history of town/agriculture development
- 15th century - weakening of central government control (emperor)
- Rise of land owning, military families (samurai) called daimyo
- Castles constructed for protection: don't look like castles in Europe
HIMEGI JAPANESE CASATLE TOWN
- Himegi Castle
- Building material is different (high stone walls)
- There are no straight lines coming into the castle: Maze
KYOTO JAPANESE IMPERIAL CITY
- 16th century daimyos struggle for control
- 1603 Nijo Castle built by Togukawa leyesu, the first shogun
- 1626 Nimomaru Palace residence of the Emperor (stone in the walls, but not in the building)
CITY OF EDO
- 1603 Edo (defect capital) established as Shogunate capital by Tokugawa leyau
- Edo castle constructed: mostly destroyed by earthquakes and fires
- 18th century Edo had close to a million people: heart of Tokyo
- Edo: first city to reach a million people
- Restoration of the emperor Meiji 1868- imperial capital moved from Kyoto to Tokyo
NEIGHBORHOODS
- Social system (almost cast)
o Samurai on top (~5%)
o Peasants (>80%)
o Craftsman
o Merchants
- Only peasants in the rural area. Samurai, craftsman and lived in own urban quarters
- *These are all pre-industrial cities
MODERNIZATION
- During the Meiji period (1868-1912), japan began its voracious absorption of Western Civilization
o Fuegal system eliminated
o Daimyo lost all their lands
o Compulsory education for all children
o New constitution with European form of government
o Still a emperor, but more like a governor and parliamentary system came into play
EARTHQUAKE
- September 1923, Tokyo devastated by the Great Kanto Earthquake and fire (wood and paper city = L)
o 14,000 people dead or missing
o 300,000 houses destroyed
WORLD WAR II
- 1935 6.3 million people started out in Tokyo
- By 1945
o Many buildings were destroyed by fire bombs
o 100,000 people died
o Others fled the city reducing the city to 3.4 million people
o 2nd time Tokyo burned
RECENT MILESTONES
- 1964, Olympic Games in Tokyo
o First Olympic games held in Asia
o Celebrates Modernization of Tokyo
TOKYO TODAY
- 2006 population is 35.5 million people
o Composed of 23 wards:
o City sprawls around in a concentric manner around Old historic one
- Satellite cities surround Tokyo
o Lots of commuters
- Scarcity of land:
o New land "reclaimed" from Tokyo Bay
PRS: Why are there not many historic buildings in Tokyo? Earthquakes, Fire & WWII
TOKYO CAPITAL REGIONAL DEVEOPMENT MAP
- Metro area population
o Tokyo + 7 surrounding prefectures
TOKYO BAY BUILT UP AREA
TOKYO AND SURROUNDING REGION
- Total population in capital region = 42,371,702
1. Chiba 6056159
2. Gumma 2024044
3. Ibaraki 295023
4. Kanagawa 8790900 (yokohama)
5. Saitama 7053689
6. Tochigi
7. Tokyo 12570 904
8. Yamanshi 884,531cities
TOKYO METROPLIAN GOVERNMENT
- City government structure (complex system)
1. 23 special wards
2. 26 cities
3. 5 towns
4. 8 villages
DENSITY AND PUBLIC TRANSITY IN TOKYO
- L.A. physically large city
- Tokyo more dense than L.A.
DENSITY AND PUBLIC TRANSIT IN TOKYO
- Every part of the city is accessible to the subway
HISTORIC CITY OF TOKYO
- Imperial palace
- Kabuki theater (heavily painted faces: all played by males)
- National Diet = Name for the Parliament
MODERN TOKYO
- Shinjuku
o Skyscrapers
- Shibuya
o Most congested pedestrian crossing
o Lots of young people
- Akihabara
o Electronics city
o Anime
- Ginza district
o Main shopping area with department stores LV: urban feel
- Asakusa
o Sensoji temple
o And pagoda
PRS: If you wanted to buy a camera where would you go in Tokyo? Akihabara
TOKAIDO MEGALOPOLIS
- Tokugawa keyasu built Tokaido highway from new capital, Edo (new Tokyo) to the ancient capital of Kyoto
o 53 stations or stopping points along the way
- Name used for Japan's megalopolis (top 8 cities are on this highway)
o Urban core almost continuously inhabited and built up area form Tokyo in the east to Kobe in the west
o 126 million people
SHINKANSEN - Bullet Train
- Services Tokaido Road
- Attains speeds of up to 270 km./hr.
PRS: What is the Ginza district known for? Shopping
FILM: "Tokyo: capital of Japan"
- Inhabitants and commuters
- Sub- centers are constructed to ease the burden
- Sub-centers are located near the railway
- Makes 29 stops and one hour to make a complete round
- Large and small districts are located around train stops residential areas are thrust between them
- Lack of space indoors and outdoors
- Etoko; for more than three generations
PRS: How large was Kazanaka family apartment? Two room; 30 square meters
One of the most challenging aspects of urban life in Tokyo is lack of space.
Brazilian (FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL)Cities
Environmental
- AIR POLLUTION IN CUBATAO, BRAZIL
- The official language is Portuguese
- fifth-largest country by geographical area
- brazil wood was valued for its red dye
- brasilia 4th largest city in brasil
- the fifth most populous country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.
- A thick layer of fumes hovers over the city of Cubatão in São Paulo state, Brazil. Pollution in the air, water, and soil accounts for about 2 percent of all American cancer deaths, and may be responsible for a higher percentage of cancer deaths in countries with less stringent pollution control laws. Lung cancer rates tend to be higher in urban and industrial centers, where air pollution is a constant problem.
- THE HAZE IS A POLLUTION
- With so many people there can be a lot of pollution in the land, air and water
- Brazil has a lot of factories making microwaves, televisions and many other things they are famous for leather shoes
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