Programming Paradigm

Programming paradigm refers to how a program is written in order to solve a problem. In order to minimize the programming effort different types of programming paradigms have been developed. Broadly, programming can be classified in the following three categories:

Structured.

Unstructured.

Object-oriented.

Unstructured: - This style of programming helps us to write small and simple programs. If application becomes very large then it poses real difficult in terms readability, modification and ease of use. In this programming no separate procedure were written for repetitive task. Generally we avoid such type of programming.

Structured:- This style of programming helps us to broken down a large program onto small independent tasks that are easy to understand without having to understand the whole program. These tasks are developed independently, without the help of other tasks. When these tasks are completed then these are combined together to solve the problem.

Structured programming can be performed on two ways:

Procedural Programming: - In this type of programming certain repetitive tasks are converted into procedures

Modular Programming: - This type of programming contains a module having single or many procedures.

Object-oriented Programming: - An object is defined as an entity with a set of predefined operations and data items that manipulate and access with in it or out side it. It is a generalized description that describes a collection of similar objects. In fact objects are variable of type class. A class is thus a collection of objects of similar type. For example, mango, apple and orange are members of class fruit. Each object essentially consists of some data that is private to the object and set of functions that operate on those data.

Abstraction: - It is the selective examination of the certain aspects of a problem while ignoring the other aspects of the problem. In other sense we can say that abstraction to consider only those aspects of the problem that are useful for a certain purpose and to hide all other aspects that are not relevant for the given purpose, does the abstraction mechanism helps us to represent a problem in a simple way. Many different abstractions of a same problem are possible depending upon the requirements. It is a powerful tool of object oriented technique for reducing complexity of software.

Abstraction can be a way of increasing productivity of software.

Inheritance: - This feature helps us to define a new class helps us a new class or modifying extending or modifying and existing class. The original class is called base class or super class and the new class obtained through inheritance is called derived class or sub class.

Polymorphism: - It means poly (many) and morphism (forms) i.e. ability to take more than one form. With the help of a polymorphism a programmer can send a generalized massage to a set of objects, which may be of different types. The main advantage of polymorphism is code reuse and maintenance C++, JAVA is the very popular object-oriented languages.