The Foreign Phrases Frequently Used in English Articles Creating Problems to Readers : a Guide to Readers

Some foreign words are frequently used in the different ENGLISH articles for different purposes. Readers often face problems during reading an English text because they sometimes fail to understand the meaning of such foreign words. These foreign words mainly consist of the languages like LATIN, FRENCH, SPANISH, GERMAN etc.

I had also seen that some common abbreviations used in the English texts such as etc., N.B., e.g., the full forms, names of the languages and actual English translation of the full forms of those abbreviations are not properly known by many people. I saw that many students are using A.M., P.M. to denote before noon and after noon respectively but the full form of those abbreviations is not known to them. I don't know why. Therefore I decided to state few English translations of those foreign phrases through this article.

WATCH THE FOLLOWING AND LEARN IF REQUIRED

1. Ad hoc (Latin) = For this particular purpose, specially.
2. Alma mater (Latin) = Benign mother, applied by old students to their University.
3. Ante Meridian (Latin) (Abbv. = A. M.) = Before noon.
4. Bon ami (French) = A good friend.
5. de novo (Latin) = A new.
6. de facto (Latin) = In fact.
7. El dorado (Spanish) = The golden land.
8. et cetera (Latin) (Abbv. = etc.) = And the rest.
9. eureka ! (French) = I have find it.
10. exampli gratia (Latin) (Abbv. = e.g.) = By way of example.
11. ex situ (Latin) = Outside it's natural position or place.
12. Homo homini lupas (Latin) = Man is the wolf to man.
13. ich dien (German) = I serve.
14. in situ (Latin) = In it's natural position or place.
15. in toto (Latin) = Entirely.
16. le tout ensemble (French) = All together.
17. Melee ( French) = A scuffle, a hot debate.
18. Modua operandi (Latin) = The manner of operation.
19. Mon ami (French) = My friend.
20. Ne plus ultra (Latin) = The utmost point.
21. Nota bene (Latin) (Abbv. = N.B.) = Take notice.
22. On dit (French) = They say.
23. Par excellence (French) = By way of eminence.
24. Per annum (Latin) = By the year.
25. Per capita (Latin) = by the head.
26. Post hoc (Latin) = After this.
27. Post mortem (Latin) = After death.
28. Prima facie (Latin) = On the first view, apparently.
29. Qui va la ? (Latin) = Who goes there ?
30. Sans souci (French) = Without care.
31. Sine die (Latin) = Without a day being appointed.
32. Sub judice (Latin) = Under consideration.
33. Sub rosa (Latin) = Privately.
34. Tete-a-tete (French)= A private conversation.
35. Ut infra (Latin) = As below.
36. Ut supra (Latin) = As above.
37. Veni, vidi, vici (Latin) = I came, I saw, I conquered.
38. Versus (Latin) = Against.
39. Via (Latin) = By way of.
40. Vice versa (Latin) = The terms being exchanged.
41. Vis-a vis (French) = Face to face.
42. Viva voce (Latin) = Orally.

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