What to Expect: Signs and Symptoms of Opioid Overdose

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of an opioid overdose can save a life. Although many individuals attribute toxicity or overdose to the dependence or abuse of one or more of the many opioid pain medications, this isn't always the case. As a matter of fact, many of these drugs is utilized post operatively in the hospital setting and used to control pain upon discharge from the hospital. This is why family members and caregivers should know what to look for in the person receiving an opioid.

Common Signs and Symptoms

Although it is possible for the person who has overdosed on opiates to have a variety of signs and symptoms, there are a few hallmark characteristics that should be kept in mind. One of the major problems associated with opioid overdose is respiratory depression, which is the most common indication of toxicity. Put simply, this is a state in which breathing comes slowly and there is less depth. An accompanying issue that may come before, during or after respiratory depression is the loss of consciousness. This is a medical emergency that will require immediate medical attention.

Other Potential Effects

Other signs and symptoms of overdose to an opioid may include delirium, decreased heart rate and the inability to urinate. Despite the fact that many of these things mentioned are also side effects of the medication, medical attention should be sought if overdose is suspected or if the individual usually hasn't experienced these issues when taking these medications before. Significant decreases in body temperature and hypoxia, or lack of oxygen to the body are also major concerns. No matter how minor or insignificant the symptoms may be, an opioid overdose can ultimately result in death.

Treatment

Treatment for an opioid overdose involves reversing the effect of the drug. This is accomplished through the administration of a medication known as an opioid antagonist via injection into the muscle or subcutaneous tissue. However, studies indicate that the medication is more effective in emergency situations when given intravenously (IV). One of the more well known antagonists is Naloxone, which is the formal name. In the clinical setting, Naloxone is simply referred to as Narcan. It is not uncommon for the patient to experience side effects such as pain, nausea, vomiting and dizziness after Narcan has been administered. Other side effects of the treatment can include seizures, edema and rapid heart beat, just to name a few. Death can actually occur, which is quite rare.

Other Considerations

The signs and symptoms of an opioid overdose should never be ignored. While they may start out mild, the person's condition can rapidly deteriorate. This information is not intended to replace, contraindicate or otherwise influence the decision to seek medical attention. In the event that you are unsure of what to do or when there is even the slightest hint of an opioid overdose, call 911 and seek immediate medical help.

Bibliography

Narcan (Naloxone) Drug Information. 20, March 2009. Viewed 15, October 2010. http://www.rxlist.com/narcan-drug.htm

Opioids Drug Use and Dependence. Merck Pharmaceuticals. July 2008. Viewed 15, October 2010. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec15/ch198/ch198f.html