What Organelles Do Eukaryotic Cells Have: Exploring the Nucleus and Endomembrane System

Eukaryotic cells are found in advanced life forms such as fungi, plants, and animals. What separates them from prokaryotic cells is that they are larger and have a membrane-bound nucleus that contains DNA. Additionally, they have organelles within them, two of which are the nucleus and the endomembrane system.

Some of the most essential organelles in eukaryotic cells are the nucleus and the ribosomes. The nucleus is what stores all of the genetic information for the organism. It contains chromatin, which is used to diffuse DNA, protein, and some RNA. This DNA is organized into genes, which give the organism various traits. Additionally, it has a nucleolus, which is a region where RNA is made. Finally, it has a nuclear envelope, which is a double membrane that has pores that allow things to pass in and out of it.

Ribosomes are also very important for the function of eukaryotic cells. Their function is to carry out protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are found not only in eukaryotic cells, but also in prokaryotic cells. They are a mix of proteins and RNA. He received his RNA as instructions of a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. In each area, the ribosomes are both free in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

The endomembrane system consists of the nuclear envelope, the Golgi apparatus, membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, and vesicles. Its main job is to help compartmentalize the cell by restricting certain reactions to certain areas within the cell. Additionally, it has transport vesicles to help carry molecules from one part of the system of the organism to another. The endoplasmic reticulum is a series of membrane channels and saccules. There two types, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough is studded with ribosomes, creates transport vesicles that go to the Golgi apparatus, and helps modify proteins. The smooth, is continuous with the rough. However, it does not have any ribosomes and its function depends on the cell.

The Golgi apparatus exit transfer station and receives vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum. It modifies the molecules that it receives and sends them to the new destination. Lysosomes are the vesicles that physically digest molecules or parts of the cell. Finally, vacuoles are membrane sacs that are larger than the vesicles and are used to you rip excess water within cells. They also used for storage and digestion by the cell. In plants, they store pigments. In animals, they store adipocytes.

Source:
Benitz, Bill. Lecture: Biology. September 7, 2009